e-ISSN: 3051-6269 | ISSN: 2975-9293

Language

European Journal of Stomatology Oral and Facial Surgery

e-ISSN: 3051-6269 | ISSN: 2975-9293


Abstract

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) constitute a highly prevalent and heterogeneous group of conditions with significant functional, psychological, and socioeconomic impacts. Despite decades of research and the introduction of standardized clinical frameworks such as the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD), the clinical management of TMD remains marked by diagnostic uncertainty, variable treatment strategies, and variable outcomes. In this context, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged not merely as a diagnostic tool, but as a potential catalyst for redefining how TMD are understood, classified, and managed across the clinical continuum.

References

  • C/TMD) for Clinical and Research Applications: recommendations of the International RDC/TMD Consortium Network* and Orofacial Pain Special Interest Group†. J Oral Facial Pain Headache 2014,28:6–27, https://doi.org/10.11607/jop.1151.
  • Ohrbach R, Dworkin SF.The Evolution of TMD Diagnosis: Past, Present, Future. J Dent Res 2016,95:1093–1101, https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034516653922.
  • Reneker J, Paz J, Petrosino C, Cook C.Diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests and signs of temporomandibular joint disorders: a systematic review of the literature. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011,41:408–416, https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2011.3644.
  • Zhang M; et al.Cone-Beam Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Diagnosis: A Comparative Study. J Multidiscip Healthc 2025,18:3793–3802, https://doi.org/10.2147/jmdh.S521279.
  • Tresoldi M; et al.Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Closed-Mouth TMJ Disc-Condyle Relationship in a Population of Patients Seeking for Temporomandibular Disorders Advice. Pain Res Manag 2021,2021:5565747, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5565747.
  • Wang YH; et al.Diagnostic efficacy of CBCT, MRI and CBCT-MRI fused images in determining anterior disc displacement and bone changes of temporomandibular joint. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2022,51:20210286, https://doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.20210286.
  • Ahmad M; et al.Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD): development of image analysis criteria and examiner reliability for image analysis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009,107:844–860, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.02.023.
  • Molinari F; et al.Interobserver variability of dynamic MR imaging of the temporomandibular joint. Radiol Med 2011,116:1303–1312, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11547-011-0699-0.
  • Li M; et al.Temporomandibular joint segmentation in MRI images using deep learning. J Dent 2022,127:104345, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104345.
  • Mao WY; et al.Automated diagnosis and classification of temporomandibular joint degenerative disease via artificial intelligence using CBCT imaging. J Dent 2025,154:105592, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2025.105592.
  • Yoon K; et al.Explainable deep learning-based clinical decision support engine for MRI-based automated diagnosis of temporomandibular joint anterior disk displacement. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2023,233:107465, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107465.
  • Farook TH, Dudley J.Automation and deep (machine) learning in temporomandibular joint disorder radiomics: A systematic review. J Oral Rehabil 2023,50:501–521, https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.13440.
  • Sankar H; et al.Role of artificial intelligence in magnetic resonance imaging-based detection of temporomandibular joint disorder: a systematic review. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2025,63:174–181, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2024.12.004.
  • Manek M; et al.Temporomandibular joint assessment in MRI images using artificial intelligence tools: where are we now? A systematic review. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2025,54:1–11, https://doi.org/10.1093/dmfr/twae055.
  • Jha N, Lee KS, Kim YJ.Diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders using artificial intelligence technologies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022,17:e0272715, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272715.
  • Sui H; et al.Development and validation of a predictive nomogram for bilateral posterior condylar displacement using cone-beam computed tomography and machine-learning algorithms: a retrospective observational study. BMC Oral Health 2025,25:916, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-06098-9.
  • Vinayahalingam S; et al.Deep learning for automated segmentation of the temporomandibular joint. J Dent 2023,132:104475, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104475.
  • Ye Z; et al.Accelerated MRI in temporomandibular joints using AI-assisted compressed sensing technique: a feasibility study. Eur Radiol 2025,35:8046–8057, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-025-11734-7.
  • Lee C; et al.Deep learning image enhancement for confident diagnosis of TMJ osteoarthritis in zero-TE MR imaging. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2025,54:302–306, https://doi.org/10.1093/dmfr/twae063.
  • Mehta V, Tripathy S, Noor T, Mathur A.Artificial Intelligence in Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: An Umbrella Review. Clin Exp Dent Res 2025,11:e70115, https://doi.org/10.1002/cre2.70115.

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2026 David Ângelo

Metrics

PlumX
Dimensions
Altmetric

Paper information

History

  • Received: 14/01/2026
  • Published: 26/01/2026

Current Issue

Open Journal Systems
Exclusive OJS theme plugin developed with by